Financial Calculator
A time value of money (TVM) solver. Enter any four of the five variables — N, I/Y, PV, PMT, FV — and calculate the fifth. Use the sign convention: cash you receive is positive, cash you pay out is negative.
Total payment periods (e.g. years × payments/yr)
Nominal annual interest rate
Amount today (money in = positive)
Payment each period (outflows negative)
Amount at the end of the term
How the Financial Calculator works
This calculator solves the standard time value of money equation used by finance professionals and financial calculators like the HP 10bII and TI BA II Plus:
PV × (1 + i)^N + PMT × (1 + i·type) × [((1 + i)^N − 1) / i] + FV = 0
where i is the interest rate per payment period, derived from the nominal annual rate I/Y, the compounding frequency C/Y and the payment frequency P/Y. type = 0 for end-of-period payments (ordinary annuity) and type = 1 for beginning-of-period payments (annuity due).
Cash flow sign convention
- Positive numbers are money you receive (loan proceeds, investment maturity).
- Negative numbers are money you pay out (deposits, loan payments).
- If you deposit $20,000 today, enter PV = −20,000; the FV you compute will be positive.
Common examples
Retirement savings
Solve for FV with PV = current savings, PMT = annual contribution (negative), N = years, I/Y = expected return.
Loan payment
Solve for PMT with PV = loan amount (positive), FV = 0, N = total months, I/Y = annual rate, P/Y = C/Y = 12.
Time to reach a goal
Solve for N with FV = target amount, PMT = monthly deposit (negative), PV = current balance (negative), I/Y = rate of return.
Required rate of return
Solve for I/Y when you know how much you can invest, how much you need, and how long you have.
Related calculators
Browse the full finance calculator directory for mortgage, loan, auto, investment, retirement and tax tools, or use the live USD to INR converter on the homepage.